五、推进航天治理现代化

 

　　V. Modernizing Space Governance

 

　　中国政府积极制定发展航天事业的政策与措施，科学部署各项航天活动，充分发挥有效市场和有为政府作用，营造良好发展环境，推动航天事业高质量发展。

 

　　The Chinese government has been proactive in developing the space industry, through policy measures and well-thought-out plans for space activities. Better alignment between a well-functioning market and an enabling government gives full play to the roles of both, endeavoring to create a favorable environment for the growth of a high-quality space industry.

 

　　（一）持续提升航天创新能力

 

　　1. Enhancing Innovation

 

　　建设航天战略科技力量，打造以科研院所为主体的原始创新策源地，建立健全产学研用深度融合的航天技术创新体系，构建关键领域航天科技创新联盟，形成上中下游协同、大中小企业融通的创新发展格局。

 

　　In order to create a new configuration in which the upper, middle and lower industrial chains are coordinated, and large, small and medium-sized enterprises advance in an integrated way, China is building a strategic force of space science and technology, encouraging original innovation by research institutes and bringing together enterprises, universities, research institutes and end-users in creating and applying new technologies. A technological innovation alliance is emerging in key areas of space science.

 

　　推进实施一批航天重大工程和重大科技项目，推动航天科技跨越发展，带动国家科技整体跃升。

 

　　A number of major space and science projects are in place to promote the leapfrog development of space science and technology, which spearheads overall technical advances.

 

　　勇攀航天科技高峰，超前部署战略性、基础性、前瞻性科学研究和技术攻关，推进新一代信息技术在航天领域融合应用，加速先进技术特别是颠覆性技术的工程应用。

 

　　China is making forward-looking plans for strategic, fundamental and technological breakthroughs in space science - it is integrating the application of new-generation information technology in the space sector, and accelerating the engineering application of advanced and especially revolutionary technologies.

 

　　加强航天技术二次开发，推动航天科技成果转化应用，辐射带动国民经济发展。

 

　　The secondary development of space technologies will be further reinforced to put research findings into industrial production and boost the economy.

 

　　（二）强化航天工业基础能力

 

　　2. Strengthening Basic Industrial Capabilities

 

　　持续完善基于系统集成商、专业承包商、市场供应商和公共服务机构，根植于国民经济，融合开放的航天科研生产组织体系。

 

　　优化产业结构布局，做强研发制造，做优发射运营，做大应用服务，强健产业链供应链。

 

　　The space industry will continue to improve its integrated and open industrial system comprising system integrators, specialized contractors, market suppliers, and public service providers, and covering all links from research to production.

 

　　加快工业化与信息化深度融合，建设智能化脉动生产线、智能车间、智慧院所，持续推动航天工业能力转型升级。

 

　　To strengthen the industrial and supply chains of its space industry and transform and upgrade the basic capabilities of the industry, China will optimize the industrial structure and upgrade R&D, manufacturing, launch operations, and application services, further integrate industrialization with information technology, and build intelligent production lines, workshops and institutes.

 

　　（三）加快发展空间应用产业

 

　　3. Expanding Application

 

　　完善卫星应用产业发展政策，统筹公益和市场需求，统合设施资源建设，统一数据与产品标准，畅通共享共用渠道，构建产品标准化、服务个性化的卫星应用服务体系。

 

　　China will improve the policies for its satellite application industry, including coordinating public interest and market demand, integrating facilities and resources, unifying data and product standards, and streamline the channel for sharing and utilization. It is committed to improving satellite application services with unified standards and customized choices.

 

　　加快培育卫星应用市场，支持各类市场主体开展卫星应用增值产品开发，创新卫星应用模式，培育“航天+”产业生态，加快发展航天战略性新兴产业。

 

　　China will move faster to grow its satellite application market, where various market entities are encouraged to develop value-added products. By creating new application models, China is fostering a "space plus" industrial ecosystem and promoting emerging strategic industries related to space.

 

　　（四）鼓励引导商业航天发展

 

　　4. Encouraging Commercialization

 

　　研究制定商业航天发展指导意见，促进商业航天快速发展。扩大政府采购商业航天产品和服务范围，推动重大科研设施设备向商业航天企业开放共享，支持商业航天企业参与航天重大工程项目研制，建立航天活动市场准入负面清单制度，确保商业航天企业有序进入退出、公平参与竞争。

 

　　China has formulated guidelines on commercializing its space industry. It will expand the scope of government procurement of space products and services, grant relevant enterprises access and sharing rights to major scientific research facilities and equipment, and support these enterprises in joining the R&D of major engineering projects. It will establish a negative list for market access to space activities, to ensure fair competition and the orderly entry and exit of participating enterprises.

 

　　优化商业航天在产业链中布局，鼓励引导商业航天企业从事卫星应用和航天技术转移转化。

 

　　China will optimize the distribution of the space industry in the national industrial chain, and encourage and guide participating enterprises to engage in satellite application and the transfer and transformation of space technologies.

 

　　（五）积极推进法治航天建设

 

　　5. Promoting Law-Based Governance

 

　　加快推进航天法立法，构建完善以航天法为核心的航天法制体系，促进法治航天建设。研究制定卫星导航条例，规范和加强卫星导航活动管理。修订空间物体登记管理办法，持续规范空间数据共享和使用管理、民用航天发射许可管理。研究制定卫星频率轨道资源管理条例，加强卫星频率轨道资源申报、协调和登记，维护我国卫星频率轨道资源合法权益，助力航天事业发展。

 

　　To promote law-based governance of the space industry, China will speed up the formulation of a national space law and establish a legal system with this law at the core. This will include studying and formulating regulations on satellite navigation, strengthening the management of satellite navigation activities, revising measures for the registration of space objects, and regulating the sharing and use of space data and the licensing of civil space launches. It will also include studying and formulating regulations on the management of satellite frequency and orbit resources, and strengthening the declaration, coordination and registration of these resources to safeguard the country's legitimate rights and interests in this regard.

 

　　加强国际空间法研究，积极参与外空国际规则、国际电联规则制定，维护以国际法为基础的外空国际秩序，推动构建公正、合理的外空全球治理体系。

 

　　China has strengthened research on international space law, and actively participated in formulating International Telecommunication Union standards and international rules regarding outer space, maintaining the international order in outer space based on international space law, and contributing to a fair and reasonable global governance system for outer space.

 

　　（六）建设高水平航天人才队伍

 

　　6. Strengthening Team-Building

 

　　加快建设航天领域世界重要人才中心和创新高地，厚植人才发展沃土，壮大人才队伍规模。完善人才培养机制，加强战略科学家、科技领军人才、青年科技人才和创新团队建设，培养一大批卓越工程师、高素质技术技能人才和大国工匠，造就一批具有国际视野和社会责任感的优秀企业家。完善人才交流机制，规范和引导航天人才合理流动。完善人才激励机制，加大奖励支持力度。加强航天特色学科专业建设，培养航天后备人才队伍。

 

　　China will step up its efforts to become a world center for talent and innovation in space science, and create favorable conditions for the development of professionals and the expansion of their ranks. It will improve the personnel training mechanism - fostering a pool of strategic scientists, leading and young scientists, and teams with strong innovation capacity, and cultivating a large number of outstanding engineers, top technicians championing fine craftsmanship, and visionary entrepreneurs with a sense of social responsibility. China will improve its personnel management mechanisms to regulate and guide the rational flow of professionals. It will also upgrade incentives with greater rewards and stronger support, and strengthen specialty disciplines in universities to cultivate a reserve force of aerospace personnel.

 

　　（七）大力开展航天科普教育和文化建设

 

　　7. Promoting Space Education and Culture

 

　　继续组织开展“中国航天日”系列活动，充分利用“世界空间周”“全国科技活动周”以及“天宫课堂”等平台，加强航天科普教育，普及航天知识，传播航天文化，传承弘扬“两弹一星”精神和载人航天精神、探月精神、新时代北斗精神，激发全民尤其是青少年崇尚科学、探索未知、敢于创新的热情，提高全民科学文化素养。

 

　　China will continue to hold events to celebrate its Space Day, promote education on space knowledge and culture during World Space Week and National Science and Technology Week, and through Tiangong Classroom and other platforms, and promote the culture and spirit embodied in the development of the atomic and hydrogen bombs, missiles, man-made satellites, manned spaceflight, lunar probes and the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System in the new era. The goal is to inspire the nation, especially the young people, to develop an interest in science, to create and explore the unknown, and to increase scientific knowledge among the general public.

 

　　做好重大航天遗产保护，持续推动航天博物馆、航天体验园等科普教育基地建设。鼓励支持航天题材文艺作品创作，繁荣航天文化。

 

　　China will protect its major space heritage and build more space museums and experience parks to popularize space science and provide education. It will encourage the creation of space-relatedliterary and art works to promote space culture.

 

　　六、构建航天国际合作新格局

 

　　VI. International Cooperation

 

　　和平探索、开发和利用外层空间是世界各国都享有的平等权利。中国倡导世界各国一起推动构建人类命运共同体，坚持在平等互利、和平利用、包容发展的基础上，深入开展航天国际交流合作。

 

　　Peaceful exploration, development and utilization of outer space are rights equally enjoyed by all countries. China calls on all countries to work together to build a global community of shared future and carry out in-depth exchanges and cooperation in outer space on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, peaceful utilization, and inclusive development.

 

　　（一）基本政策

 

　　1. Basic Policies

 

　　中国政府在开展航天国际交流合作中，采取以下基本政策：

 

　　China's basic policies on international exchanges and cooperation are as follows：

 

　　--维护联合国在外空事务中的核心作用，遵循联合国《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》，重视联合国相关原则、宣言、决议的指导意义，积极参与外空国际规则制定，促进外空活动长期可持续发展。

 

　　• Safeguarding the central role of the United Nations in managing outer space affairs； abiding by the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies； upholding the guiding role of relevant UN principles, declarations and resolutions； actively participating in the formulation of international rules regarding outer space； and promoting greater sustainability of space activities；

 

　　--加强空间科学、技术及应用等领域的国际交流与合作，与国际社会一道提供全球公共产品与服务，为人类应对共同挑战作出贡献。

 

　　• Strengthening international exchanges and cooperation on space science, technology and application； working together with the international community to provide public products and services； and contributing to global efforts to address common challenges；

 

　　--加强基于共同目标、服务“一带一路”建设的空间合作，使航天发展成果惠及沿线国家，特别是发展中国家。

 

　　• Strengthening international space cooperation that is based on common goals and serves the Belt and Road Initiative, and ensuring that the space industry benefits the Initiative's participating countries, especially developing countries；

 

　　--支持亚太空间合作组织发挥重要作用，重视在金砖国家合作机制、上海合作组织框架、二十国集团合作机制下的空间合作。

 

　　• Supporting the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization （APSCO） to play an important role, and giving weight to cooperation under the BRICS and Group 20 mechanisms and within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization；

 

　　--鼓励和支持国内科研机构、企业、高等院校、社会团体，依据有关政策和法规，开展多层次、多形式的国际空间交流与合作。

 

　　• Encouraging and endorsing the efforts of domestic research institutes, enterprises, institutions of higher learning, and social organizations to engage in international space exchanges and cooperation in diverse forms and at various levels in accordance with relevant policies, laws and regulations.

 

　　（二）主要进展

 

　　2. Major Achievements

 

　　2016年以来，中国与19个国家和地区、4个国际组织，签署46项空间合作协定或谅解备忘录；积极推动外空全球治理；利用双边、多边合作机制，开展空间科学、空间技术、空间应用等领域国际合作，取得丰硕成果。

 

　　Since 2016, China has signed 46 space cooperation agreements or memoranda of understanding with 19 countries and regions and four international organizations. It has actively promoted global governance of outer space, and carried out international cooperation in space science, technology and application through bilateral and multilateral mechanisms. These measures have yielded fruitful results.

 

　　1.外空全球治理。

 

　　（1） Global governance of outer space

 

　　--参加联合国框架下外空活动长期可持续性、空间资源开发利用、防止外空军备竞赛等议题磋商，共同创建空间探索与创新等新议题，持续推进联合国空间2030议程。

 

　　• China participates in consultations on issues such as the long-term sustainability of outer space activities, the development and utilization of space resources, and the prevention of arms race in outer space. Together with other parties, it has proposed discussions on space exploration and innovation, and advanced the Space2030 Agenda of the UN.

 

　　--支持联合国灾害管理与应急反应天基信息平台北京办公室工作，深度参与联合国全球卫星导航系统国际委员会各项活动，加入空间任务规划咨询组和国际小行星预警网等国际机制。

 

　　• China supports the work of the Beijing office of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response, and has participated in the activities of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems in an in-depth manner. It has joined international mechanisms such as the Space Missions Planning Advisory Group and the International Asteroid Warning Network.

 

　　--发挥亚太空间合作组织东道国作用，支持《亚太空间合作组织2030年发展愿景》。

 

　　• China plays its role as the host country of APSCO, and supports the organization's Development Vision 2030.

 

　　--利用中俄航天合作分委会空间碎片工作组、中美空间碎片与空间飞行安全专家研讨会等机制加强在空间碎片、外空活动长期可持续等领域的交流。

 

　　• China has strengthened international exchanges on space debris, long-term sustainability of outer space activities, and other issues through mechanisms such as the Space Debris Work Group of China-Russia Space Cooperation Sub-committee and the Sino-US Expert Workshop on Space Debris and Space Flight Safety.

 

　　--支持国际电信联盟、地球观测组织、机构间空间碎片协调委员会、国际空间数据系统咨询委员会、国际空间探索协调组、机构间互操作顾问委员会等国际组织活动。

 

　　• China supports the activities of international organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union, Group on Earth Observations, Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee, Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems, International Space Exploration Coordination Group, and the Interagency Operations Advisory Group.

 

　　2.载人航天。

 

　　（2） Manned spaceflight

 

　　--利用“天宫二号”空间实验室与欧洲空间局合作开展伽马暴偏振探测研究，在“神舟十一号”载人飞行任务期间与法国合作开展微重力环境下人体医学研究，与欧洲航天员中心联合进行洞穴训练、海上救生训练。

 

　　• China has carried out gamma-ray burst polarization monitoring research with the European Space Agency on the Tiangong-2 space laboratory, conducted human body medical research in a micro-gravitational environment with France during the Shenzhou-11 manned spaceflight mission, carried out joint CAVES training and maritime rescue drills with the European Astronaut Centre.

 

　　--完成中国空间站首批空间科学国际合作实验项目遴选，围绕空间科学实验、空间站舱段研制与德国、意大利、俄罗斯开展技术合作与交流。

 

　　• China has completed the selection of the first batch of international space science experiments to be conducted on the Chinese space station, and conducted technological cooperation and exchanges with Germany, Italy and Russia on space science experiments and the development of space station sections.

 

　　3. 北斗导航。

 

　　（3） BeiDou Navigation Satellite System

 

　　--推动中国北斗卫星导航系统与美国全球定位系统、俄罗斯格罗纳斯系统、欧洲伽利略系统协调发展，在兼容与互操作、监测评估、联合应用等领域深入合作。

 

　　• China has coordinated the development of China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the United States' Global Positioning System, Russia's GLONASS system, and Europe's Galileo system. It has carried out in-depth cooperation with them in the fields of compatibility, interoperability, monitoring and assessment, and joint application.

 

　　--推动北斗国际标准化工作，相继进入民航、海事、国际搜救、移动通信、电工委员会等多个国际组织标准体系。

 

　　• China has pressed ahead with international standardization of the BeiDou system, which has been included in the standard systems of the International Electrotechnical Commission and many other international organizations in fields such as civil aviation, maritime affairs, international search and rescue, and mobile communications.

 

　　--推动北斗系统全球服务，与阿盟、非盟分别建立北斗合作论坛机制，在突尼斯建成首个海外北斗中心，与巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、阿根廷、南非、阿尔及利亚、泰国等国家开展卫星导航合作。

 

　　• China has increased the BeiDou system's global service capacity by establishing BeiDou cooperation forum mechanisms with the League of Arab States and the African Union, completing the first overseas BeiDou center in Tunisia, and conducting satellite navigation cooperation with countries such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Argentina, South Africa, Algeria, and Thailand.

 

　　4.深空探测。

 

　　（4） Deep-space exploration

 

　　--与俄罗斯联合发起国际月球科研站计划，启动中俄月球与深空探测联合数据中心建设，推动中国“嫦娥七号”月球极区探测任务与俄罗斯月球-资源-1轨道器任务联合实施。

 

　　• China launched the international lunar research station project together with Russia, and initiated the Sino-Russian Joint Data Center for Lunar and Deep-space Exploration. It is working with Russia to coordinate Chang'e-7's lunar polar exploration mission with Russia's LUNA-Resource-1 orbiter mission.

 

　　--利用月球探测工程“嫦娥四号”任务，与俄罗斯、欧洲空间局开展了工程技术合作，与瑞典、德国、荷兰、沙特开展了科学载荷合作。启动月球探测工程“嫦娥六号”任务国际载荷搭载合作。

 

　　• In the Chang'e-4 lunar exploration mission China cooperated with Russia and the European Space Agency on engineering technology, and with Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Saudi Arabia on payloads. It has launched international onboard payload cooperation in the Chang'e-6 lunar exploration mission.

 

　　--利用首次火星探测“天问一号”任务，与欧洲空间局开展了工程技术合作，与奥地利、法国开展了科学载荷合作。与美国建立火星探测器轨道数据交换机制。启动小行星探测任务国际载荷搭载合作。

 

　　• In the Tianwen-1 mission, China's first Mars exploration project, China cooperated with the European Space Agency on engineering technology, and with Austria and France on payloads. It has established a Mars probe orbit data exchange mechanism with the United States, and launched international onboard payload cooperation in its asteroid exploration mission.

 

　　--与欧洲空间局、阿根廷、纳米比亚、巴基斯坦开展月球与深空探测领域的测控合作。

 

　　• In the fields of lunar and deep-space exploration, China cooperated on TT&C with the European Space Agency, Argentina, Namibia, and Pakistan.

 

　　5.空间技术。

 

　　（5） Space technology

 

　　--联合研制并成功发射中法海洋卫星、中巴（西）地球资源04A星、埃塞俄比亚遥感微小卫星，为亚太空间合作组织成功搭载发射大学生小卫星。持续推进埃及二号遥感卫星等联合研制。

 

　　• Together with relevant partners China has developed and successfully launched the China-France Oceanography Satellite, China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 04A, and the Ethiopian Remote-Sensing Satellite. It has launched the Student Small Satellites （SSS） for APSCO. It is jointly developing the MisrSat-2 remote-sensing satellite.

 

　　--完成巴基斯坦遥感卫星一号、委内瑞拉遥感卫星二号、苏丹一号遥感卫星、阿尔及利亚一号通信卫星等在轨交付。

 

　　• China completed the in-orbit delivery of the Pakistan Remote-Sensing Satellite （PRSS-1）, Venezuelan Remote-Sensing Satellite （VRSS-2）, Sudan Remote-Sensing Satellite （SRSS-1）, and the Algerian Communications Satellite （Alcomsat-1）.

 

　　--为沙特阿拉伯、巴基斯坦、阿根廷、巴西、加拿大、卢森堡等国家提供卫星搭载发射服务。

 

　　• China has provided satellite carrying or launching services for countries including Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and Luxembourg.

 

　　--与俄罗斯、乌克兰、白俄罗斯、阿根廷、巴基斯坦、尼日利亚等国家开展宇航产品技术合作。

 

　　• China has conducted space product and technology cooperation with countries including Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Argentina, Pakistan, and Nigeria.

 

　　--助力发展中国家航天能力建设。与埃及、巴基斯坦、尼日利亚等国家合作建设卫星研制基础设施。推动“一带一路”空间信息走廊建设，向发展中国家开放中国空间设施资源。

 

　　• China has helped developing countries boost their space science and research. It has built satellite research and development infrastructure with countries including Egypt, Pakistan and Nigeria. It has pressed ahead with the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative Space Information Corridor, and opened China's space facilities to developing countries.

 

　　6.空间应用。

 

　　（6） Space applications

 

　　--建立风云气象卫星国际用户防灾减灾应急保障机制，中国气象卫星数据广泛应用于121个国家和地区。

 

　　• China has established an emergency support mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation for international users of the Fengyun meteorological satellites, and data from China's meteorological satellites have been widely used in 121 countries and regions.