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　　在五千年的历史长河中，中华民族孕育出了独具魅力的优秀传统文化。今天，我们精选了《中国关键词》传统文化篇的部分内容，与您一同走进民俗风情与工艺美的世界，寻找来自血脉深处的文化归属感。

筷子

Chopsticks

　　筷子是中国饮食文化的标志之一，中国人使用筷子至少有3000年历史。筷子不只是常用的餐具，还承载着丰富的传统文化内涵：筷子两根为一双，中国人在使用筷子夹菜时，是一根主动，为阳，一根从动，为阴，体现了阴阳学说；筷子的标准长度是七寸六分，代表人有七情六欲；筷子一头方一头圆，体现了“天圆地方”的传统观念。

　　Chopsticks are a symbol of Chinese culinary culture. They are also one of the most commonly used utensils in the world. The use of chopsticks can be traced back more than 3,000 years. Chopsticks are not just utensils; they also carry rich meanings. They are used in pairs, with one stick held steady while the other moves, representing the philosophical concept of yin and yang. The length of chopsticks is typically seven cun and six fen (approximately 7.66 inches), representing the seven emotions and six desires of human beings. They are usually square at the handle and round at the tip, reflecting the traditional concept of "heaven is round and earth is square".

　　自古代起，筷子逐渐流传到周边国家，成为东亚、东南亚地区许多国家的进餐工具。最早把筷子介绍到欧洲的是意大利人利玛窦（1552－1610），现在西方很多家庭都备有筷子，在德国还有一所“筷子博物馆”，收藏有上千种不同历史时期的筷子。今天，使用筷子不再是中国人的专利，已经成为传递东方饮食文化的独特载体。

　　Chopsticks gradually spread to neighboring countries in ancient times and have become dining tools in many countries in East Asia and Southeast Asia. The first person to introduce chopsticks to Europe was Italian missionary Matteo Ricci (1552-1610). Today, many Western families have chopsticks, and in Germany, there is even a "Chopstick Museum" that houses thousands of chopsticks from different historical periods. While representing Eastern culinary culture, using chopsticks is no longer exclusive to the Chinese.

汉服

Hanfu

　　汉服即“汉民族传统服饰”，是一套包括衣裳、首服、发式、面饰、鞋履、配饰等的整体衣冠系统，浓缩了纺织、蜡染等工艺和美学，传承了30多项中国非物质文化遗产。古代中国又被称为“华夏”，其中“华”字就蕴含了“服饰华美”之意。

　　Hanfu covers a complete set of the traditional attire worn by the Han people, including clothes, headwear, hairstyles, face ornaments, shoes, and accessories. Hanfu represents more than 30 traditions of China's intangible cultural heritage. It is an embodiment of the artistry and craftsmanship of textile weaving and dyeing. China was known as huaxia in ancient times, in which the character hua implies fine attire.

　　相传4000多年前，黄帝发明衣裳，汉服由此起源。此后，汉服经历了复杂的演变过程，种类日渐繁多，纹样和工艺不断丰富，既有百姓的日常穿着，也有君主和百官的正式礼服，构筑出庞大的服制体系。汉服的典型标志是“交领右衽”，左、右两侧衣襟在领口处交叉形成“交领”，在外观上表现为“y”字形，形成整体服饰向右倾斜的效果，体现“以右为尊”的传统观念。汉服的礼服一般是宽袖，多绘有各种纹样，显示出穿戴者的身份特征，成为封建社会等级差别和礼制范式的重要内容。

　　Legend has it that Hanfu as a fashion style was developed by Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) more than 4,000 years ago. It subsequently evolved with the changing times resulting in a plethora of clothing types, patterns, and craftsmanship, including daily wear for the common people and formal attire for monarchs and officials, creating rigid dress codes. The y-shaped jiaoling youren is a typical style of Hanfu, featuring overlapping collars at the front that close to the right side, reflecting the traditional concept that the right side has priority. Ceremonial Hanfu typically has wide sleeves and is decorated with various patterns that reflect the wearer's identity and status. It developed to fit into feudal society's hierarchy and ceremonial systems.

　　汉服文化不仅讲究审美，还要符合礼制，生动展现了“衣冠上国”“礼仪之邦”“锦绣中华”的美誉。汉服文化随着古丝绸之路和人员往来而广泛传播，对处于儒家文化圈的朝鲜、日本、韩国、越南等国家产生了深远影响，其款式和纹饰对西方国家服饰文化的发展也产生了积极影响。

　　In addition to a focus on aesthetics, Hangfu highlights the importance of ritual conformity, and vividly reflects China's reputation as a nation prizes proper and fine attire, values etiquette, and celebrates splendor and beauty. Hanfu spread widely along the ancient Silk Road and through people-to-people exchanges, and left its mark especially on countries under the influence of Confucian culture, such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Its styles and patterns have also found their way into fashions of the Western world.

剪纸艺术

Paper Cutting

　　剪纸是一种用剪刀或刻刀在纸上剪刻出各种造型、场景，以装点生活、表达特定寓意的民间艺术。

　　Paper cutting is a folk art that involves using scissors or art knives to cut patterns and scenes in paper for decorative purposes or to convey specific meanings.

　　在纸张发明前，人们往往在金银箔片上镂空雕刻各种图案花纹等，制成工艺品。西周时期，周成王将梧桐叶剪成玉圭形状，这是中国古代有关剪纸艺术的最早文献记载。南北朝以后，剪纸艺术在民间逐渐盛行，出现了构图完整、手法多样的作品。宋代剪纸名目繁多，出现了贴于窗上的“窗花”和用于灯彩、茶盏的剪纸装饰。明清时期，剪纸艺术走向成熟，作为全民性艺术作品广泛用于家居装饰。近代以来至中华人民共和国成立后，剪纸创作内容更加丰富，各行业生产生活和风俗民情等成为常见题材。

　　Before paper was invented, people used thin materials such as gold or silver foil to carve hollowed patterns to make art. The earliest written record of paper cutting in ancient China dates back to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 B.C.) when King Cheng of Zhou cut a parasol tree leaf into the shape of a jade gui (a ritual jade that symbolized statues). After the Northern and Southern dynasties (420-589), paper cutting gradually gained in popularity among the people, and various paper cutting works with complete compositions and utilizing different techniques came into existence. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), different types of paper cuts were created, including those used to adorn windows, lanterns, and tea cups. The art of paper cutting reached its peak in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1616-1911) dynasties. Paper cuts were used to decorate almost anything, especially for interior decor. In modern times, especially since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the contents of paper cutting have been enriched, incorporating the everyday life and work of all walks of life and folk customs as common themes.

　　剪纸艺术善于把多种物体形象组合，代表不同寓意，表达美好愿望，比如，仙鹤、松树象征长寿；娃娃、葫芦、莲花等图案象征多子多福。春节时，当年生肖的剪纸窗花就十分常见。随着时代发展，民间出现了用套色点染等方法制作的彩色剪纸，还形成了不同流派风格，如中国北方派作品豪放粗犷，南方派风格婉约细腻。

　　The art of paper cutting is known for its ability to combine images of various objects to represent different meanings and express good wishes. For example, cranes and pine trees are symbols of longevity, while patterns of babies, gourds (which sound similar to the Chinese characters fu and lu, meaning "happiness" and "good fortune"), and lotus flowers symbolize blessings and fertility. During the Spring Festival, it is common to use paper cuts of the Chinese zodiac animal of that year to decorate windows. Gradually, colored paper-cutting made with shading and dyeing methods has emerged, making the art of paper cutting more expressive. The art has developed different schools and styles. The northern school is bold and unconstrained, while the southern school is graceful and elegant.

　　剪纸艺术交融于中国各族人民的民俗生活，也是民间手工艺术的重要形态。2009年，“中国剪纸”列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

　　The art of paper cutting has continued to evolve. It has been integrated into the social life of all ethnic groups, be- coming an integral part of various folk activities. It is also an important folk handicraft. In 2009, Chinese paper-cutting was added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

茶文化

Tea culture

　　中国是茶叶的故乡，也是茶文化的发源地。4700多年前，上古时期的先人们发现并利用茶，人们在产茶、制茶、饮茶等过程中形成了茶文化，包括茶史、茶俗、茶歌、茶礼、茶具、茶艺、茶文学等。

　　China is the birthplace of tea and tea culture. Our ancestors discovered tea more than 4,700 years ago. The cultivation, brewing, and consumption of tea evolved over time to create China's rich tea culture encompassing a diverse range of tea traditions, including tea drinking etiquette; customs, songs, and ceremonies associated with preparing and drinking tea; tea utensils; and tea-inspired art and literature.

　　“开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶。”三国两晋时期，民间已有饮茶的习惯，并逐渐传入宫廷。唐代，饮茶之风更盛，茶文化的集大成者陆羽（约733－804）所著述的《茶经》是世界第一部茶文化专著。从唐宋时期煎茶、元代“蒸青散茶”、明代“炒青”制茶，到清代产生红茶、绿茶之分，茶文化融入社会生活方方面面，成为人们最喜爱的饮品。

　　An old saying goes: "Firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar, and tea are the seven essentials of daily life for ordinary people". Tea drinking became a popular habit among the general population during the Three Kingdoms (220-265), Western Jin (265-316), and Eastern Jin (317-420) dynasties. Eventually, it made its way to the royal court and was em-braced by the upper class of society. Tea continued to grow in popularity during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), and the tea connoisseur Lu Yu (c.733-804) wrote the Classic of tea, the world's first monograph on tea culture. Tea processing methods evolved over time, from steaming tea leaves in the Tang and Song dynasties (618-1279) to steaming loose teas in the Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), and then to roasting and dehydration in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). The distinction between black tea and green tea did not come about until the invention of black tea during the Qing Dynasty (1616-1911).

　　在当代，饮茶和品茶贯穿于中国人的日常生活。人们采取泡、煮等方式，在家庭、工作场所、茶馆、餐厅、寺院等场所饮用茶与分享茶。以茶敬客、以茶敦亲、以茶睦邻、以茶结友，体现了谦、和、礼、敬的价值观。

　　Today, tea culture has blended into all aspects of social life and tea has become a beloved drink among the people. Ubiquitous in everyday life, tea is served steeped or boiled in homes, workplaces, tea houses, restaurants, and temples. The values of modesty, harmony, courtesy, and respect are embodied through sharing tea with guests, relatives, neighbors, and friends, contributing to moral and personality development.

　　茶起源于中国，盛行于世界。自古以来，茶和茶文化便作为中国对外交流的重要媒介，通过古代丝绸之路和茶马古道等，在世界文明交流互鉴和人类社会可持续发展中发挥重要作用。2022年，“中国传统制茶技艺及其相关习俗”列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。

　　Tea has become popular worldwide. Since ancient times, tea and tea culture have served as important means for China to communicate with the outside world. Thanks to the ancient Silk Road and the Tea Horse Road, tea culture spread around the world and is now appreciated by people of many countries. This has facilitated exchanges and mutual learning between world civilizations, as well as contributing to the development of human society. In 2022, China's traditional tea processing techniques and associated social practices were included in the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

编辑：慕悦